The udder's immune defences. Current situation and future outlook. Le difese immunitarie della mammella. Attualita e prospettive

Relevant substances and cells in milk and cell defence mechanisms are discussed. The results of the following recent studies are summarized: anatomical, cytological and biochemical changes following the use of conventional or extreme milking systems; the relationship between immune defences of the udder and clinical mastitis; and the relationship between udder immune status and Staphylococcus aureus infection.