Unconventional Ingredients from the Industrial Oilseed By-Products in Dairy Goat Feeding: Effects on the Nutritional Quality of Milk and on Human Health

Oilseed by-products (Cynara cardunculus and Camelina sativa) (CCCS) are rich in bioactive
compounds. This study aimed to evaluate the health effects of consuming yogurt made from goat milk
fed with CCCS industrial residues in adults. In this randomized, crossover clinical trial, 20 healthy
adults (14F; 37.7 ± 14.2 years) consumed either yogurt made from goat milk fed with CCCS or regular
goat yogurt (C) daily for 1 month in each phase. Anthropometric parameters and blood samples were
collected at the beginning and end of each phase. CCCS yogurt consumption resulted in a significant
fat mass reduction (−1.8% and −1.1 kg) and fat-free mass increase (+1.5% and +0.9 kg). Regarding
blood parameters, a non-significant decrease in triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol
was observed, particularly after the CCCS intervention. Moreover, creatinine levels exhibited an
opposite trend (p = 0.023) after CCCS, decreasing in subjects aged ≤30 years (−0.03 mg/dL) and
increasing in older subjects (+0.05 mg/dL). Regarding inflammatory parameters, a non-significant
trend in increased IL-1ra levels was observed especially after CCCS yogurt consumption compared
to the C yogurt (+56.9 vs. +19.1 pg/mL, respectively). The use of unconventional feed derived
from oilseed by-products for dairy goat feeding may have potential possible beneficial effects on
human health.