Apprentice sorcerers : Evaluating the program theory of regulatory governance in Italian public utilities

Following the framework of program theory evaluation, the authors evaluate the process and the impact of regulatory design in Italian Local Public Utilities (LPU) from the 1990s onwards, with regard to three different sectors: water supply and sanitation, municipal waste management and disposal, and local public transport. The focus is primarily on the municipal level, given its pivotal role in the system of governance of LPU in the Italian context. After discussing the theory of change behind the LPU reforms and analysing its intended and unintended consequences, the ‘Apprentice Sorcerers’ conclude suggesting a softer approach for future reforms of LPU in Italy based on a more committed steering by the central government, and more flexible management arrangements at the local level.