Stress in dairy animals: cold stress: management considerations

Although heat stress is a more common issue for dairy cows, cold stress may also affect animal health, welfare and production. Both in indoor and outdoor farming systems, dairy farm profitability relies on sound management and quality animal environment. Proper ventilation system design and management, stalls and beds, and walking surfaces should be considered in indoor systems. In outdoor systems, attention should be paid to protect animals from wind and rain, and adequate shelters should be provided. Access to feed and water should always be taken into account, too.