Development of Radiolabeled Ligands Targeting the Glutamate Binding Site of the N-Methyl-d-aspartate Receptor as Potential Imaging Agents for Brain

Abnormal activity of various N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subtypes has been implicated in a wide variety of neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and epilepsy. Imaging agents for PET and SPECT that target NMDARs in a subtype-selective fashion may enable better characterization of those disorders and enhance drug development. On the basis of a pyrazoline derivative that demonstrated neuroprotective effects in vivo, we synthesized a series of para-substituted analogues and measured their affinities to various NMDAR subtypes. Compounds 4a-c and 4e showed greater, nanomolar affinity for the GluN1/2A subtype versus GluN1/2B. Dicarbomethoxy (pro-drug) analogues of [(124/125)I]4d and [(11)C]4e (i.e., [(124/125)I]11d and [(11)C]11e) were generated and tested for NMDAR binding specificity in ex vivo autoradiography and brain biodistribution studies. Although NMDAR-specific binding could be demonstrated for [(125)I]11d and [(11)C]11e through autoradiography and biodistribution studies, imaging of neither [(124)I]11d nor [(11)C]11e could demonstrate brain penetration sufficient for detection by PET.