Bioelectronics for basic plant science and precision agriculture

The rapid growth of the global population and intensified climate challenges make the need for sustainable and efficient food production more urgent than ever. Agriculture is both an important contributor to greenhouse gas emissions and impacted by environmental degradation. Emerging bioelectronic technologies enable real-time monitoring and precise modulation of plant physiology and environmental conditions and have the potential to transform sustainable agriculture. In this Review, we explore the applications of bioelectronics in basic plant science and precision agriculture. In basic research, these technologies can complement or overcome limitations of traditional tools, accelerating efforts to engineer plants that are resistant to environmental stress and have enhanced productivity. In agriculture, bioelectronics offer potential for optimized resource use, enhanced crop yield and early disease detection. While highlighting the interdisciplinary challenges of integrating bioelectronics, from materials and device design through to field deployment and environmental impact, we aim to inform and inspire plant scientists, engineers and agricultural stakeholders.