Background. As a way to approach and analyse the nation-State building process, T.H.Marshall left us a model of both citizenship and citizenship expansion in Western Europe that still holds its basic validity.
Within this framework, because of the changing technology and labour organisation and the (fear of) pressures from organised groups, from the XIX onwards public authorities were pushed or gained to recognise specific rights (economical, industrial, social, political) to those who previously were considered as subjects (Dahrendorf, Zincone, Soysal, Brubacker).
Being them a concession or conquest, and independently from different timings, after the WWII these rights settled in a quite standard range of entitlements that the Western European national centres committed themselves to enforce - through specific duties, enabling regulations, and provisions. The differences among national contexts layed in the specific contents each centre gave to these entitlements, and the degree of its involvement in their production and delivery process ¿ in a nutshell, in the policies supporting citizens' entitlements.
Research hypothesis and aims. In spite of the fact that many traditions and discourses (and partially Marshall¿s itself) use to depict this right set as the apex of an evolutionary process, this research starting point is that the post-war social contract gave birth to a very peculiar arrangement ¿ and maybe not reproducible. Therein, the whole set of positions a citizen could have publicly recognised and enforced ¿ those of taxpayer, service user, producer, consumer, voter and interest group member ¿ has its complement in a State that to some extent acted within a broader Keynesian policy paradigm. The nationality of the citizenship set was thus granted by the fact that, under that paradigm, the State boundaries were also the ones for production/consumption markets, solidarity, and political action (fig1).
Fig.1 Citizenship within the demand-sided EEC
The EEC was not a challenge to this structure: the CAP simply recasted at the Community level the national Keynesism (Lauring Knudsen); the Common Market policies were able to achieve only and partially the goods and labour freedom of movement ¿ what the otherwise closed national economies needed to ease their export.
But as far as the geopolitics changed, and the pressures from the international economic and financial arenas and institutions opened the opportunity windows for the EU to take shape around a renewed and supply-sided integration project, from the 1990s the citizenship positions are here thought to have been 'streched' to adjust to very different and multi-level playground (fig2).
Fig.2 Citizenship within the supply-sided EU
Shape and validity of this 'stretching hp.' is what the research aims to verify.
The EEC was not a challenge to this structure: the CAP simply recasted at the Community level the national Keynesism (Lauring Knudsen); the Common Market policies were able to achieve only and partially the goods and labour freedom of movement ¿ what the otherwise closed national economies needed to ease their export.
But as far as the geopolitics changed, and the pressures from the international economic and financial arenas and institutions opened the opportunity windows for the EU to take shape around a renewed and supply-sided integration project, from the 1990s the citizenship positions are here thought to have been 'streched' to adjust to very different and multi-level playground (fig2).
Fig.2 Citizenship within the supply-sided EU
Shape and validity of this 'stretching hp.' is what the research aims to verify.