“Una saggia politica criminale” : i ‘ragazzi di Salò’ nella giurisprudenza della Corte di Cassazione

Even thought, over the last decades, many studies have been devoted to the issue of the Social Italian Republic, various aspects concerning the consent to republican Fascism are still awaiting full investigation, in par-ticular as far as regards young people.
As a matter of fact, after the armistice with the Allied was announced on September 8th 1943, thousands of young boys joined the army of the Republic of Salò, thus continuing the alliance with the Germans. Also many young girls actively collaborated with the occupying German armed forces and the German puppet Republic of Salò.
After the Liberation Day, many young people that had fought at the side of Republic of Salò and against the Resistance were charged with col-laboration with the Germans.
The decree n. 159 of 27th July 1944, which consolidated the former en-actments on the subject into one law, punished collaborators according to the Military Penal Code of 1941 (even if not members of the armed forces), which in these cases called for the death penalty or lengthy prison sentences.
The decree n. 142 of 22nd April 1945, which specifically addressed the crimes of collaboration committed during the German military occupa-tion of Northern Italy, established special court of assize. Though in the-ory they were expected to have fully performed their duties witghin six months, in practice they continued to sentence for two years as a spe-cial section of ordinary assize courts.
Their sentences could be appealed in the special section of the Court of Cassation established in Milan, and subsequently in the Court of Cassa-tion in Rome after the Court in Milan was abolished.
The special courts of assize were composed of a professional judge as a president and four jurors selected by the National Liberation Commit-tee, which, in addition, could choose prosecutors from a pool of anti-Fascist lawyers.
It is important to keep in mind that on the one hand, transitional legisla-tors were not confident in the ordinary judiciary, which was still consid-ered linked to Fascism, and that on the other hand, special court of as-size guaranteed popular participation in the administration of justice.
When it became apparent that the goal of achieving democracy was emerging in Italy’s post-war society, it was up to the judges to strike a balance between punishing past offenses and obtaining future ap-peasement.
It is a well-known fact that, during the changeover from Fascism to re-public Italian, judges (in particular the second section of the Court of cassation) progressively adopted a less rigorous attitude towards collab-orators. These results have been generally blamed on the fact that, on the whole, the judiciary had not been purged after the fall of Fascism, which in turn meant that sanctions against Fascism were not enforced.
What about the decisions as far as regard young people charged with collaboration with the Germans? What were the reasons given by the judges to condemn or acquit them? And what the arguments used by the defendants and their lawyers against the charge of collaboration?
Most of the trials against young people regarded the criminal responsi-bility of the juveniles.
Between the 19th and the 20th centuries, the discipline of responsibility of minors based on balancing between juvenile delinquency and the immaturity of youth.
The Penal Code of 1889 considered minors aged nine to fourteen re-sponsible if they had acted with “discernment” (art. 54). As far as the Court of Cassation was concerned, the discernment of minors was not identified in their ability to recognize the moral gravity of the offense, as the liberal doctrine had suggested, but rather in their ability to rec-ognize that such conduct was in violation of penal law.
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