Role of immunity in the neuroprotective effect of estrogens: molecular mechanism and implications for Parkinson's disease
Progetto Epidemiological data have evidenced a significant gender difference in the incidence rate of Parkinson’s
disease (PD), with a greater susceptibility found in men compared with women, while the risk of
developing the disease is increased in women at menopause. Similarly, experimental studies conducted in
animal models of PD have shown that males are more susceptible than females to the effects of
neurotoxic stimuli, further supporting the existence of a gender-related vulnerability of the nigrostriatal
pathway, the brain area targeted in PD. These data suggest the incidence of gender-related differences in
the underlying pathophysiology of the disease and have implications for responsiveness to treatment. The
differential vulnerability between the two sexes has been ascribed, at least in part, to the activity of
estrogens, hormones that directly regulate the nigrostriatal neuronal pathway to provide neurotrophic and
protective support. Estrogens are synthesized in selected developmental periods and in a gender-specific
manner, and their synthesis drastically declines in female individuals at menopause. These hormones
modulate a large variety of physiological processes through the interaction with specific intracellular
receptor proteins: estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα) and –beta (ERβ). ERs have emerged as an attractive
biological system to control the evolution of selected disorders and recent academic and industrial efforts
in estrogenic drug discovery have provided new compounds endowed with higher potency and selectivity,
as well as reduced side effects.
In the past decade, neuroinflammation has emerged as an important substrate for PD. Epidemiological
studies have reported an inverse correlation between the chronic assumption of non-steroidal antiinflammatory
drugs and the risk of developing the disease defining neuroinflammation as an important
therapeutic target for PD treatment. It was recently demonstrated that estrogens might also intervene in
innate immunity, particularly at the level of macrophage cells that drive the inflammatory reaction.
Recent data indicate that 17β-estradiol, the most abundant estrogenic hormone in female blood, directly
interacts with ERα, and can reduce the inflammatory response in diverse tissues, including brain, by
inhibiting the reactivity of macrophages towards inflammatory stimuli.
Despite the evidence showing a critical pathogenic role of macrophage cells in PD and the presence in
these cells of the estrogen signaling pathway that is known to drive the physiology of gender diversity,
little is known on the extent to which estrogens regulate macrophage physiology and how this crosstalk
may modulate gender-specific neuroinflammation in PD. Based on published data and preliminary work
obtained by the proposing groups, the working hypothesis of this project postulates that estrogens
influence the phenotype of brain macrophages that reside or infiltrate the histopathological sites of PD,
and thus trigger a beneficial effect on the neurodegenerative process. Therefore, the main objective of
this proposal will be to understand the extent to which sexual dimorphism and estrogen signaling in
macrophage cell can influence neuroinflammatory processes associated with PD. Our research activity will
be organized in distinct work packages that will progressively explore the role of gender and estrogenic
hormones on macrophage activation and neuroinflammation both in vitro in primary macrophage culture,
and in vivo in animal models of PD. Ultimately, expression of gender-specific genes in response to
exogenous inflammatory stimuli will be evaluated in peripheral blood monocytes of male and female PD
disease (PD), with a greater susceptibility found in men compared with women, while the risk of
developing the disease is increased in women at menopause. Similarly, experimental studies conducted in
animal models of PD have shown that males are more susceptible than females to the effects of
neurotoxic stimuli, further supporting the existence of a gender-related vulnerability of the nigrostriatal
pathway, the brain area targeted in PD. These data suggest the incidence of gender-related differences in
the underlying pathophysiology of the disease and have implications for responsiveness to treatment. The
differential vulnerability between the two sexes has been ascribed, at least in part, to the activity of
estrogens, hormones that directly regulate the nigrostriatal neuronal pathway to provide neurotrophic and
protective support. Estrogens are synthesized in selected developmental periods and in a gender-specific
manner, and their synthesis drastically declines in female individuals at menopause. These hormones
modulate a large variety of physiological processes through the interaction with specific intracellular
receptor proteins: estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα) and –beta (ERβ). ERs have emerged as an attractive
biological system to control the evolution of selected disorders and recent academic and industrial efforts
in estrogenic drug discovery have provided new compounds endowed with higher potency and selectivity,
as well as reduced side effects.
In the past decade, neuroinflammation has emerged as an important substrate for PD. Epidemiological
studies have reported an inverse correlation between the chronic assumption of non-steroidal antiinflammatory
drugs and the risk of developing the disease defining neuroinflammation as an important
therapeutic target for PD treatment. It was recently demonstrated that estrogens might also intervene in
innate immunity, particularly at the level of macrophage cells that drive the inflammatory reaction.
Recent data indicate that 17β-estradiol, the most abundant estrogenic hormone in female blood, directly
interacts with ERα, and can reduce the inflammatory response in diverse tissues, including brain, by
inhibiting the reactivity of macrophages towards inflammatory stimuli.
Despite the evidence showing a critical pathogenic role of macrophage cells in PD and the presence in
these cells of the estrogen signaling pathway that is known to drive the physiology of gender diversity,
little is known on the extent to which estrogens regulate macrophage physiology and how this crosstalk
may modulate gender-specific neuroinflammation in PD. Based on published data and preliminary work
obtained by the proposing groups, the working hypothesis of this project postulates that estrogens
influence the phenotype of brain macrophages that reside or infiltrate the histopathological sites of PD,
and thus trigger a beneficial effect on the neurodegenerative process. Therefore, the main objective of
this proposal will be to understand the extent to which sexual dimorphism and estrogen signaling in
macrophage cell can influence neuroinflammatory processes associated with PD. Our research activity will
be organized in distinct work packages that will progressively explore the role of gender and estrogenic
hormones on macrophage activation and neuroinflammation both in vitro in primary macrophage culture,
and in vivo in animal models of PD. Ultimately, expression of gender-specific genes in response to
exogenous inflammatory stimuli will be evaluated in peripheral blood monocytes of male and female PD