Dynamics of soil nitrogen and N-cycling-related genes following the application of biobased fertilizers

Biobased fertilizers recovered from animal manure are sustainable substitutes for synthetic mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizers, showing high potential to minimize environmental pollution while maintaining nutrient supply. This study investigated the response of maize (Zea mays L.) and soil microbes to the application of biobased fertilizers, i.e., pig manure (PM), the liquid fraction of digestate (LFD), and evaporator concentrate (EVA) in replacement of calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) in a 56-day pot experiment. Apart from maize plant growth and soil chemical properties, the abundance of N-cycling-related genes was determined by destructive sampling on days 8, 16, and 56 after fertilization. The detected gene copies of bacterial and archaeal amoA in the soil were significantly increased by N fertilization. Relatively high NH4 +-N concentrations (37.5–62.5 mg kg 1 soil dry weight) applied in this experiment may have promoted gaseous N losses via nitrifier nitrification and nitrifier denitrification shortly (8–16 days) after fertilization. Consequently, net N loss was observed in all the fertilized treatments, however, biobased fertilizers resulted in lower N loss as compared to CAN. The presence of maize plants also reduced the N loss, probably driven by the continuous NO3 -N uptake which reduced the N source for denitri- fication. Overall, the application of PM and LFD revealed no significant difference with CAN regarding either plant growth or soil biochemical properties. Whereas the EVA application resulted in lower biomass and nutrient uptake in the young maize plant compared to other treatments, probably attributed to salt stress due to the imbalanced ratio of N and Na in this product.