An overview of SARS-CoV-2 variants circulating in the 2020–2022 period in Lombardy

Since the beginning of the pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 has shown genetic variability. All the variants that have sustained pandemic waves have shown several mutations, especially in the Spike protein that could affect viral pathogenesis. A total of 15,729 respiratory samples, collected between December 2020 and August 2022, have been included in this study. We report the circulation of SARS-CoV-2 variants in the Lombardy region, Italy, in a 2-year study period. Alpha, Delta, and Omicron variants became predominant causing the majority of cases whereas Beta or Gamma variants mostly caused local outbreaks. Next-generation sequenc-ing revealed several mutations and few deletions in all of the main variants. For example, 147 mutations were observed in the Spike protein of Omicron sublineages; 20% of these mutations occurred in the recep-tor-binding domain region.